ABSTRACT
Although the molecular basis of flowering time control is well dissected in the long day (LD) plant Arabidopsis, it is still largely unknown in the short day (SD) plant rice. Rice flowering time (heading date) is an important agronomic trait for season adaption and grain yield, which is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. During the last decade, as the nature of florigen was identified, notable progress has been made on exploration how florigen gene expression is genetically controlled. In Arabidopsis expression of certain key flowering integrators such as FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) are also epigenetically regulated by various chromatin modifications, however, very little is known in rice on this aspect until very recently. This review summarized the advances of both genetic networks and chromatin modifications in rice flowering time control, attempting to give a complete view of the genetic and epigenetic architecture in complex network of rice flowering pathways.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis , Genetics , Metabolism , Arabidopsis Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Chromatin , Chemistry , Metabolism , Epigenesis, Genetic , Florigen , Metabolism , Flowers , Genetics , Metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Gene Regulatory Networks , MADS Domain Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Oryza , Genetics , Metabolism , Phenotype , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a simple, quick and highly sensitive method. However the accuracy of the conventional PCR assay was often affected by false positives and false negatives. In this study, a protocol competitive PCR was used to reduce the false results in screening for selectable marker-free (SMF) Xa2l transgenic rice plants. The competitive template of Xa21 was the endogenous Xa2l homologous sequence located on chromosome 11. The competitive template of the selectable marker gene, hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt), was an additive DNA extracted from hpt transgenic Nipponbare (Oryza sativa L). Through competitive PCR analysis of transgenic T1 plants produced by double right border binary vector, false positive or false negative samples were effectively diminished, and genuine SMF Xa21 transgenic plants were obviously obtained. Comparing with the conventional non-competitive PCR, competitive PCR increased the accuracy for selecting SMF Xa21 transgenic plants. The results of bacterial blight (BB) resistance tests and hygromycin B resistance assay of SMF Xa21 transgenic plants testified the reliability of this method.
Subject(s)
Genetic Vectors , Oryza , Genetics , Metabolism , Plant Diseases , Genetics , Plant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Plants, Genetically Modified , Genetics , Metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Methods , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases , Genetics , Metabolism , Transformation, GeneticABSTRACT
0.05). After treatment the incidence of ED in therapy group was decreased to 46.3% vs control group of 63.7%(P